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Robot calibration is the process of enhancing a robot's accuracy. While industrial robots are highly *repeatable* (they can go back to the same point over and over), they are not always perfectly *accurate* (going exactly to a computed coordinate) due to mechanical tolerances, gear backlash, and arm deflection under load. Calibration compensates for these physical imperfections via software.
For tasks like pick-and-place, repeatability is often enough. But for offline programming, machining, or precision assembly, absolute accuracy is critical. If a program is generated in a simulation, the real robot must match the virtual model perfectly.
Mastering: Resetting the robot's zero position, often done with alignment marks or jigs.
TCP Calibration: Defining the Tool Center Point (where the tool actually works) relative to the robot flange.
Laser Tracking: Using external laser trackers to measure the robot's actual position versus its commanded position and creating a compensation model.
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